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# なので 2159 & 3600 コンクリート杭の設計

## Single pile design in accordance with AS 2159 (2009) & 3600 (2018)

In case of high lateral load or unfavorable soil conditions, 杭基礎は浅い基礎よりも好ましい. 杭を回避するために、土壌改良方法などの試みを行うことができます, しかしながら, these methods may involve expensive processes, wherein this case, 山はおそらくさらに安い.

SkyCiv Foundation Design module includes the design of piles conforming to American Concrete Institute (ACI 318) およびオーストラリアの基準 (なので 2159 & 3600).

SkyCivのFoundationDesignソフトウェアを試してみたい? 私たちの無料ツールを使用すると、ユーザーはダウンロードやインストールなしで耐荷重計算を実行できます!

## Design geotechnical strength of a pile

Vertical loads applied on piles are carried by the end-bearing of the pile and the skin or shaft-friction along its length. The design geotechnical strength (Rd,g) is equal to the ultimate geotechnical strength (Rd,と) 地盤工学的削減係数を掛けたもの (øg) as specified on なので 2159 セクション 4.3.1.

$${R}_{d,g} = {ø}_{g} × {R}_{d,と}$$ (1)

Rd,g = Design geotechnical strength

Rd,と = Ultimate geotechnical strength

øg = Geotechnical reduction factor

### Ultimate Geotechnical Strength (Rd,と)

The ultimate geotechnical strength is equal to the sum of the factored skin friction of the pile (fメートル,s ) multiplied by the lateral surface area and base resistance multiplied by the cross-sectional area at the tip of the pile.

$${R}_{d,と} = [{R}_{s} × ({f}_{メートル,s} × {あ}_{s} )] + ({f}_{b} × {あ}_{b} )$$ (2)

Rs = Reduction factor for shaft resistance

fメートル,s = Shaft-frictional resistance

s = Lateral surface area

fb = Base resistance term

b = Cross-sectional area at the tip of the pile

より詳細なガイドについて, 計算に関する記事をご覧ください 皮膚摩擦抵抗とエンドベアリング能力.

### Geotechnical Reduction Factor (øg)

The geotechnical reduction factor is a risk-based calculation for the ultimate design which takes into account different factors, サイトの状態など, パイルデザイン, and installation factors. その値の範囲は、一般的に 0.40 に 0.90. なので 2159 4.3.1 また、式に示すようにその値を推定する方法についても述べています (3).

$${ø}_{g} = {ø}_{GB} + [K × ({ø}_{tf} – {ø}_{GB})] ≥ {ø}_{GB}$$ (3)

øGB = Basic geotechnical strength reduction factor

øtf = Intrinsic test factor

K= Testing benefit factor

Intrinsic test and testing benefit factors both rely on which type of load testing used on the piles. Their values are specified in Table 1 and on equations (4) そして (5). Pile load testing is discussed briefly in Section 8 ASの 2159.

Intrinsic Test Factortf)
Dynamic load testing of preformed piles 0.80
Dynamic load testing of other than preformed piles 0.75
No testing 0.80

テーブル 1: Intrinsic Test Factor Values

Testing benefit factor for static load testing:

$$K = \frac{1.33 × p}{p + 3.3} ≤ 1$$ (4)

Testing benefit factor for dynamic load testing:

$$K = \frac{1.13 × p}{p + 3.3} ≤ 1$$ (5)

p = Percentage of the total piles that are tested and meet the acceptance criteria

The basic geotechnical strength reduction factor is evaluated using a risk assessment procedure discussed in Section 4.3. ASの 2159. The outcome of the said procedure is Individual Risk Rating (内部利益率) および全体的な設計 平均リスク評価 (到着) which shall be used to determine the value of øGB 表に示すように 2.

ARR ≤ 1.5 とても低い 0.67 0.76
1.5 < ARR ≤ 2.0 非常に低いから低い 0.61 0.70
2.0 < ARR ≤ 2.5 0.56 0.64
2.5 < ARR ≤ 3.0 Low to moderate 0.52 0.60
3.0 < ARR ≤ 3.5 中程度 0.48 0.56
3.5 < ARR ≤ 4.0 Moderate to high 0.45 0.53
4.0 < ARR ≤ 4.5 高い 0.42 0.50

テーブル 2: Values for Basic Geotechnical Reduction Factor, (なので 2159 テーブル 4.3.2)

Low redundancy systems are heavily loaded single piles while high redundancy systems include large pile groups under large pile caps or pile groups with more than 4 杭.

## Design Structural Strength

$${R}_{d,s} = {ø}_{s} × k × {R}_{我ら}$$ (6)

øs = Strength reduction factor

k = Concrete placement factor

R我ら = Ultimate design strength

The values for the strength reduction factor are shown in Table 3. コンクリート配置係数の範囲は 0.75 に 1.0, 杭工法による. しかしながら, for piles other than concrete and grout, k は 1.0.

Axial force without bending 0.65
Bending without axial forcepb) 0.65 ≤ 1.24 – [(13 × k=最も近いサポートの面までのせん断が考慮されているセクションの距離)/12] ≤ 0.85
Bending with axial compression:
(私) Nあなた ≥ Nub 0.60
(ii) Nあなた < Nub 0.60 + {(øpb – 0.66) × [1 – (Nあなた/Nub)]}

テーブル 3: 強度低下要因 (テーブル 2.2.2, なので 3600-18)

### 単一杭の軸方向および曲げ能力

Similar to columns, パイルは、圧縮と曲げの複合荷重を受けることもあります。. 軸方向および曲げ能力は、相互作用図を使用してチェックされます. This diagram is a visual representation of the behavior of the bending and axial capacities caused by an increase in load from pure bending point until a balanced point is reached.

The squash load point is a point on the diagram where the pile will fail in pure compression. この時点で, the axial load is applied on the plastic centroid of the section to remain in compression without bending. Squash load (N=最も近いサポートの面までのせん断が考慮されているセクションの距離) and the location of the plastic centroid (dq) are computed as shown in equations (7) & (8). Although location of the plastic centroid can be taken as 1/2 of the total depth of the cross-section for symmetrical sections with symmetrical reinforcement layout.

$${ϕN}_{=最も近いサポートの面までのせん断が考慮されているセクションの距離} =ø× [({あ}_{g} – {あ}_{s}) × ({a}_{1} ×f’c) + ({あ}_{s} × {f}_{彼の})]$$ (7)

g = Gross cross-sectional area

s = Total area of steel

a1 = 1.0 – (0.003 ×f’c) [0.72 ≤α1 ≤0.85]

f’c = Concrete strength

f彼の = Yield Strength of steel

$${d}_{q} = frac{[(b × D) – {あ}_{s}] × ({a}_{1} ×f’c) × \sum_{i=1}^{ん} ({あ}_{バイ} × {f}_{彼の} × {d}_{yi})}{{N}_{=最も近いサポートの面までのせん断が考慮されているセクションの距離}}$$ (8)

b = Pile cross-sectional width

D = Pile cross-sectional depth or diameter

バイ = Area of reinforcing bar being considered

dyi = Depth of reinforcing bar being considered

### Squash load point through to decompression point

Decompression point is where the concrete strain at the extreme compressive fibre is equal to 0.003 極限引張繊維のひずみはゼロです. Strength of the pile between the squash load and the decompression points can be calculated by linear interpolation with strength reduction factors) の 0.6.

### Decompression point through to pure bending

Once a value of kあなた is selected, tensile and compressive forces of the section can be calculated. The axial load on the section is equivalent to the sum of tensile and compressive forces, while the bending moment is calculated by resolving these forces about the neutral axis. Calculation for the compressive and tensile forces are enumerated below

### Force due to concrete (Fcc):

$${F}_{cc} = {a}_{2} × f’c × {あ}_{c}$$ (9)

a2 = 0.85 – (0.0015 ×f’c) [a2 ≥0.67]

c = Compression block area (refer to Figure 2)

= b × γ × kあなた ×d (rectangular cross-section)

=(1/2) × (θ – sinθ) × (D/2)2 (circular cross-section)

γ = 0.97 – (0.0025 ×f’c) [c0.67]

### 力 (Fそして) と瞬間 (M私) contributed by each individual bar:

Each reinforcing bar of the section exerts a force that could either be compressive or tensile, depending on the value bar strain (eそして) shown in equation (10).

$${e}_{そして} = frac{{e}_{c}}{({k}_{あなた} ×d)} × [({k}_{あなた} ×d) – {d}_{yi}]$$ (10)

dyi = Depth to the bar being considered

ec= Concrete strain = 0.003

If εそして < 0 (bar is in tension)

If εそして > 0 (bar is in compression)

Bar in compression:

$${F}_{そして} = {σ}_{そして} × {あ}_{バイ}$$ (11)

σそして = Stress in bar = 最小 [(eそして × Es ), f彼の]

Es = Modulus elasticity of steel

バイ = Bar area

Bar in tension:

$${F}_{そして} = [{σ}_{そして} – ({a}_{2} ×f’c)] × {あ}_{バイ} ≥ 0$$ (12)

σそして = Stress in bar = 最小 [(eそして × Es ), –f彼の]

Es = Modulus elasticity of steel

バイ = Bar area

Moment by each bar:

$${M}_{私} = {F}_{そして} × {d}_{yi}$$ (13)

Axial capacity of the pile:

$${øN}_{あなた} =ø× [ {F}_{cc} + {Σ}_{i=1}^{ん} {F}_{そして}]$$ (14)

Flexural capacity of the pile:

$${痛い}_{あなた} =ø× [ ({N}_{あなた} × {d}_{q}) – ({F}_{cc} × {そして}_{c}) – {Σ}_{i=1}^{ん} {M}_{私}]$$ (15)

Design bending moment:

セクション 7.2 specifies that piles are required to have a out-of-position tolerance of 75mm for the horizontal positioning of the piles. This requirement may induce a bending moment equal to axial load multiplied by the eccentricity of 75mm. さらに, a minimum design moment shall also be considered which is equivalent to the axial force multiplied by 5% パイルの全体の最小幅の. したがって, the design bending moment should be the greater value between equations 16a and 16b.

$${M}_{d} = {{M}^{*}}_{適用} + ({N}^{*} × 0.075 メートル)$$ (16a)

$${M}_{d} = {N}^{*} × (0.05 ×D)$$ (16b)

Md = Design bending moment

M*適用 = Applied moment

D = Pile width

## 単一杭のせん断耐力

Calculation for the strength in shear shall be in accordance with Section 8.2 ASの 3600. Shear strength is equivalent to a combined shear capacities of the concrete and the steel reinforcement (方程式 17).

$${øV}_{あなた} =ø× ({V }_{SkyCiv Foundationには、オーストラリア規格に準拠した孤立した基礎の設計が含まれています¹} + {V }_{我ら}) ≤ {øV}_{あなた,最高}$$ (17)

### コンクリートのせん断強度 (V SkyCiv Foundationには、オーストラリア規格に準拠した孤立した基礎の設計が含まれています¹)

せん断耐力へのコンクリートの寄与は、式に示すように計算されます (18) セクションで定義されています 8.2.4.1 ASの 3600. This section also requires the value of √f’c shall not exceed 9.0 MPa. The values for the parameter kv そして θv are determined by using a simplified method suggested by Section 8.2.4.3 ASの 3600.

$${V }_{SkyCiv Foundationには、オーストラリア規格に準拠した孤立した基礎の設計が含まれています¹} = {k}_{v} × b × {d}_{v} [object Window]{f’c}$$ (18)

dv = Effective shear depth = 最大 [(0.72 ×D ), (0.90 ×d )]

Determination of the minimum area of shear reinforcement (あsv.min) & kv:

The area of the shear reinforcement (あsv) is the total bar area of all the provided steel bars tied in the same direction of the applied load. セクション 8.2.1.7 ASの 3600 最小横せん断補強材の式を提供, これは:

$$\フラク{{あ}_{sv.min}}{s} = frac{0.08 [object Window]{f’c} × b}{{f}_{そしてf}}$$

fそしてf = Yield strength of shear reinforcing bars

s= Center-to-center spacing of shear reinforcing bars

ために (あsv/s) < (あsv.min/s):

$${k}_{v} = frac{200}{[1000 + (1.3 × {d}_{v} )]} ≤ 0.10$$

ために (あsv/s) ≥ (あsv.min/s):

$${k}_{v} = 0.15$$

### 棒鋼のせん断強度 (V 我ら)

The contribution of the transverse shear reinforcements to the shear capacity calculated is shown in equation (19), which is defined in Section 8.2.5 ASの 3600.

$${V }_{我ら} = frac{{あ}_{sv} × {f}_{そしてf} × {d}_{v}}{s} × cot{θ}_{v}$$ (19)

θv= angle of inclination of the compression strut = 36º

### Maximum shear strength (V u.max)

Shear capacity is limited and in no case shall exceed the maximum value specified on Section 8.2.6 ASの 3600 (方程式 20).

$${V }_{u.max} = 0.55 × [ (f’c × b × {d}_{v}) [object Window]{cot{θ}_{v} + cot{a}_{v}}{1 + cot^{2}{θ}_{v} }]$$ (20)

av= angle between the inclined shear reinforcement and the longitudinal tensile reinforcement≈ 90º

### Ultimate shear strength (V あなた)

The total shear strength contributed by the concrete and shear reinforcements shall be less than or equal to the limiting value of Vu.max

$${V }_{あなた} = ({V }_{SkyCiv Foundationには、オーストラリア規格に準拠した孤立した基礎の設計が含まれています¹} + {V }_{我ら} ) ≤ {V }_{u.max}$$ (21)

### Design shear strength (øVあなた)

Capacity reduction factor that shall be applied for the ultimate shear strength is ø = 0.7. したがって, the design shear strength of the pile is given by:

$${øV}_{あなた} =ø× ({V }_{SkyCiv Foundationには、オーストラリア規格に準拠した孤立した基礎の設計が含まれています¹} + {V }_{我ら} )$$ (22)

## 参考文献

• Pack, Lonnie (2018). Australian Guidebook For Structural Engineers. CRC Press.
• Piling Design and Installation (2009). なので 2159. オーストラリア規格
• コンクリート構造物 (2018). なので 3600. オーストラリア規格
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