Shear, Axial, and Moment Steel Connections

The three types of internal forces that steel connections are expected to transmit include axial force, shear force, and moment. Connections are generally required to transmit two or more of these forces, and the classification of a structural steel connection is generally made to the primary load that the steel connection carries. This is one of the main considerations when performing connection design. The primary internal force is a common classification for steel connections, as discussed here.

Shear (semi rigid / simple) connections

Shear connections primarily carry shear loading (although they typically also carry axial loading). They are the most common type of structural steel connection, and are referred to as “simple” or “semi-rigid” connections because no bending moment is considered at the beam bends. Common shear connections include plates, web angles, and seat angles.

Axial connections

Axial connections primarily carry axial loads and include splices, bracing, truss connections, and hangers. They are typically used to connect columns to columns, or beams to beams sometimes with different section sizes.

Moment (rigid) connections

Moment connections primarily carry moment loading, however are usually designed to resist shear and axial loading as well. For this reason, they are referred to as “rigid” or “fully restrained” connections and are used to create a frame. Common moment connections include directly welded members, flange plates, and end plate connections.